Caffeine

Caffeine is a naturally occurring stimulant found in the leaves and seeds of over 60 plant species worldwide, including coffee beans, tea leaves, and cacao pods. It is typically extracted from these natural sources or synthesised chemically for use in food and beverages. Caffeine is known for its stimulating effects on the central nervous system.

Manufacturers add caffeine primarily for its stimulating properties, acting as a flavouring agent and functional ingredient in beverages. It is commonly found in energy drinks, coffee-based products, teas, and some soft drinks, where it contributes to the characteristic taste and perceived energising effect.

Caffeine is not regulated as a food additive in the UK and is permitted as a flavouring substance. The Food Standards Agency (FSA) and Food Standards Scotland (FSS) provide guidance on caffeine intake, noting that moderate consumption is generally safe for most adults. However, high intake can lead to side effects such as anxiety, insomnia, and heart palpitations. EFSA has evaluated caffeine and concluded that single doses of up to 200 mg, and daily intakes of up to 400 mg for healthy adults, do not raise safety concerns. Evidence on long-term effects and potential impacts on specific populations, such as pregnant women, is ongoing.